{"id":6541,"date":"2019-01-19T10:35:00","date_gmt":"2019-01-19T10:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/?p=6541"},"modified":"2021-07-26T03:39:58","modified_gmt":"2021-07-26T03:39:58","slug":"facing-resource-crisis-indonesia-charts-a-green-development-course","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/2019\/01\/19\/facing-resource-crisis-indonesia-charts-a-green-development-course\/","title":{"rendered":"Facing resource crisis, Indonesia charts a \u2018green development\u2019 course"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imgs.mongabay.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/03\/09040759\/mongabay-sampah-pantai-kuta-3.jpg\" alt=\"https:\/\/imgs.mongabay.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2018\/03\/09040759\/mongabay-sampah-pantai-kuta-3.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><em>Faced with housing, water and food shortages and massive natural destruction, Indonesia is developing a five-year development plan that will become the country\u2019s first low-carbon development initiative.<\/em><\/li><li><em>Under the new plan, the government hopes to keep future development projects within the limits of the country\u2019s ecological \u201ccarrying capacity\u201d of fast-depleting natural resources.<\/em><\/li><li><em>The green development plan also aims to attract green investment, which is crucial if the country wants to meet its stated target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 29 percent by 2030 from the business-as-usual scenario.<\/em><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>SINGAPORE \u2014 Indonesia\u2019s development model over the decades has been to exploit its abundant natural resources to feed a population that\u2019s now ballooned to 260 million and fuel an economy that\u2019s among the world\u2019s top 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So while it boasts some of the last great swaths of tropical rainforest anywhere in the world, it has also been razing them at rates <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2014\/06\/despite-moratorium-indonesia-now-has-worlds-highest-deforestation-rate\/\">exceeding the deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon<\/a>. Similarly, Indonesia has some of the richest marine fishing areas of any country, yet trails only China in the amount of <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2018\/03\/plastic-not-so-fantastic-for-balis-iconic-manta-rays\/\">plastic waste that it dumps into the ocean<\/a>. And though it spans an area a fifth of the United States, much of its economic activity and more than half its population is concentrated in a single island the size of North Carolina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cognizant that its natural resources can\u2019t sustain the current pace of its development trajectory, the government is now ushering in a new development blueprint that tries to keep within this ecological \u201ccarrying capacity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe realize that the degradation of environmental quality has [reached a] critical level,\u201d Bambang Brodjonegoro, Indonesia\u2019s minister for national development planning, said in his opening speech at the Sustainable Resources Dialogue in Singapore last month. \u201cWe need to develop a proper policy and strategy starting from now. It\u2019s time for us from now on to consider the carrying capacity [of our resources].\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The consequences of the current rate of development and destruction of the environment have been severe. Indonesia faces housing, water and food shortages. For years now, the country has had to import staple foods such as rice, as farmland on the densely populated island of Java \u2014 the country\u2019s rice-growing heartland \u2014 are taken over for roads and commercial developments. The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/indonesia\/about-us0\/indonesia-at-a-glance\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">19.4 million Indonesians suffer from hunger each day<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Under the so-called green development plan, which will succeed the <a href=\"http:\/\/djsn.go.id\/storage\/app\/media\/RPJM\/BUKU%20I%20RPJMN%202015-2019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">current five-year plan<\/a> that expires in 2019, centers on quantifying the country\u2019s ecological resources and planning its economic development accordingly, to prevent the depletion of those resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cFor example, if we\u2019re talking about agricultural, it\u2019s clear that Java has no more carrying capacity,\u201d Bambang said. \u201cIf we\u2019re talking about [palm oil] plantations, maybe in some places there\u2019s already too many. Therefore, rather than clearing new land, we need to focus on replanting existing crops.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ecological tipping point<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Medrilzam, the head of the environmental department at the planning ministry, known by its Indonesian acronym Bappenas, says the green development plan is urgently needed because Indonesia has for decades developed economically with little to no regard for its carrying capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe realize that our current development trajectory is a cause for great concern if we don\u2019t do something [to change the model] and start considering our carrying capacity,\u201d he tells Mongabay at his office in Jakarta. \u201cWe can\u2019t continue our current way of exploiting our natural resources.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He points to the news to demonstrate that there\u2019s something wrong with the way Indonesia currently manages its natural resources in service to its economy. Reports about landslides are becoming more common; as new roads are built through mountainous areas, the vehicle traffic shakes the soil loose. The problem is compounded by a booming population, with people building homes and clearing farmland in areas prone to landslides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Landslides killed 156 people in 2017, making them the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indonesia-investments.com\/id\/news\/news-columns\/looking-back-at-2017-again-many-natural-disasters-in-indonesia\/item8448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">deadliest natural disaster<\/a> in a country accustomed to volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis. From 2014 to 2017, landslides accounted for more deaths than other natural disasters, according to the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rivers have also suffered under the onslaught of household and industrial waste. The Citarum in Java, dubbed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/programmes\/101east\/2018\/05\/indonesia-polluted-river-180502051143231.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the world\u2019s most polluted river<\/a>, is the most notorious example, but by no means the only one. The discharge of fertilizer and raw sewage into the river have led to fecal bacteria levels <a href=\"https:\/\/undark.org\/article\/indonesia-textiles-citarum-river-pollution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5,000 times higher than allowable limits<\/a>, while chemical effluent from the thousands of textile factories that line its banks have spiked the water\u2019s pH level to a skin-burning 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the past, before the water took on the cloudy hue of whichever dye the factories happened to be pumping into it that day, fish could be seen in the river. Now they\u2019re <a href=\"https:\/\/pulitzercenter.org\/reporting\/death-citarum-river-indonesias-most-toxic-waterway\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">largely gone<\/a>, an estimated 60 percent of the river\u2019s fish species <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sustainable-business\/gallery\/2016\/sep\/22\/worlds-threatened-rivers-pollution-industry-agriculture-in-pictures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">wiped out<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These and other pressures are pushing Indonesia closer to its ecological tipping point, an inflection on the growth-resources curve that Bappenas is trying to pinpoint in its green development plan. The scale of the problem varies across the country, and is particularly acute in more densely populated regions where natural resources have been exploited more intensively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe can see that for water resources, maybe on the national level, it\u2019s not a problem yet,\u201d Medrilzam says. \u201cBut if we look at each island, we can see that regions like Java and Bali are already at critical level.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A unified front<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Indonesia already has a mechanism in place to consider the ecological carrying capacity whenever new development proposals are put forward, called the Strategic Environmental Assessment, or KLHS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The KLHS is an assessment that local governments are required to carry out prior to issuing permits for land or forest management, such as for plantations or mines, to ensure that each proposed development adheres to a sustainable and environmentally friendly development model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But local authorities have largely neglected the requirement, and few if any include the assessments in their zoning and development plans. Medrilzam says this is because the process of drafting the KLHS and local development plans are separate, carried out by different agencies. The environmental assessment is done by local environmental agencies, while the development plans are drawn up by the local equivalents of the Bappenas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s a notion that the process for the KLHS and development planning are separate, which is totally wrong,\u201d Medrilzam says. \u201cThey\u2019re supposed to be unified. Our environmental guys are responsible for providing info on carrying capacity to our planning guys. That\u2019s not happening.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a result, many development projects across Indonesia have drawn criticism for ignoring environmental and social impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2016, the national government <a href=\"http:\/\/industri.bisnis.com\/read\/20160803\/98\/571504\/proyek-ka-cepat-dinilai-perlu-perhatikan-dampak-sosial-lingkungan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">came under fire<\/a> for allegedly bypassing regulations in its rush to issue a permit to build a high-speed railway line between the capital, Jakarta, and the city of Bandung, some 150 kilometers (93 miles) away. The process of gathering data for the project was cut down from six months to a week, and a study on the impact of the project on the water catchment area near Bandung was omitted entirely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Under Bappenas\u2019s proposed green development plan, this sort of scenario can be prevented altogether by combining the planning and environmental assessments under the ministry, Medrilzam says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe at the level of the central government want to give an example [to local ggovernments],\u201d he says. \u201cSo both the KLHS and the mid-term development plan are done by Bappenas. It won\u2019t be called KLHS anymore, but carrying capacity. So the environmental assessment process is already embedded in the development planning.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>In search of green investment<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As the man behind the green development plan, Medrilzam has high hopes for it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not only will it put a figure on Indonesia\u2019s carrying capacity for the first time, the plan will also serve as the country\u2019s first <a href=\"http:\/\/newclimateeconomy.net\/content\/release-indonesia-advances-first-low-carbon-development-initiative-cop23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">low-carbon development initiative<\/a>, and is expected to usher in a new socioeconomic development model aimed at lowering greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The green development plan will focus on the five areas of agriculture and forestry, energy and transportation, fisheries, peat, and water \u2014 with a particular focus on the energy and land use sectors, which together account for roughly 80 percent of the country\u2019s greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIndonesia is setting an example of how much all countries can integrate their development and climate agendas,\u201d Lord Nicholas Stern, co-chair of the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, <a href=\"http:\/\/newclimateeconomy.net\/content\/release-indonesia-advances-first-low-carbon-development-initiative-cop23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">said in a press release<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As one of the largest greenhouse gas emitters in the world, largely because of the destruction of its rainforests and carbon-rich peatlands for oil palm and pulpwood plantations, Indonesia\u2019s climate actions have a significant impact on international efforts to limit the global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) \u2014 the goal agreed to under the Paris Agreement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Armed with this low-carbon development initiative, the Indonesian government aims to <a href=\"http:\/\/www4.unfccc.int\/submissions\/INDC\/Published%20Documents\/Indonesia\/1\/INDC_REPUBLIC%20OF%20INDONESIA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cut greenhouse gas emissions<\/a> by 29 percent by 2030 compared to the business-as-usual trajectory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe want to capture the spirit of the Paris Agreement through our development plan,\u201d Medrilzam says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Under the green development plan, the government will lay out which key policies, investments and actions are needed to establish a low-carbon economy; enhance agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods; address food waste and improve food security; and protect forests and biodiversity while increasing Indonesia\u2019s resilience and adaptation to climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medrilzam says the green development plan is designed to not sacrifice economic growth. Instead, it seeks a balance between growth and environmental carrying capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOur expectation is to be able to have green investment,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The World Resources Institute (WRI) Indonesia, an environmental think tank working with Bappenas to design the green development plan, says investment is critical in achieving a low-carbon economy for Indonesia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOur state budget only covers 17 to 20 percent of our development needs,\u201d WRI Indonesia country director Tjokorda Nirarta Samadhi said on the sidelines of the Sustainable Resources Dialogue event in Singapore. \u201cSo who\u2019s funding the [other] 80 percent? Definitely not the government. That\u2019s why the government has to be smart in its budget to leverage the 80 percent.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In its role advising the government on the low-carbon initiative, WRI Indonesia is tasked with sounding the private sector to understand what kind of green investment is attractive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe plan is to capture ideas from the private sector on green investment, options for business and possible financing,\u201d Tjokorda said. \u201cWhat do they want? Let\u2019s say we\u2019re talking about energy and the stakeholders say we have to phase out coal yesterday, not today. But how do we do that? They will say these are the business options, such as solar panels and so on. But there are some requirements for that, such as improving the country\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/policiesandmeasures\/pams\/indonesia\/name-162230-en.php?return=PG5hdiBpZD0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYiI-PGEgaHJlZj0iLyI-SG9tZTwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdXJlczwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy9yZW5ld2FibGVlbmVyZ3kvIj5SZW5ld2FibGUgRW5lcmd5PC9hPjwvbmF2Pg,,&amp;s=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s,\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">feed-in tariff<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another area that could attract green investment is peat restoration, something the Indonesian government is striving to promote with a target to restore 20,000 square kilometers (7,700 square miles) of degraded peat forest nationwide by 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The cost for this undertaking, according to a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cse.ucpress.edu\/content\/early\/2017\/12\/17\/cse.2017.000695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">recent study<\/a>&nbsp;by researchers at the University of Queensland, Australia, will <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2018\/03\/study-indonesias-ambitious-peat-restoration-initiative-severely-underfunded\/\">likely exceed $4.6 billion<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To date, however, the Indonesian government has budgeted just $200 million for the initiative, according to the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cSo the state budget only covers around 4 percent from the needed budget,\u201d Tjokorda said. \u201cAt the same time, we know that there are 14,000 square kilometers of peat restoration target in concessions, and these companies until now still see peat restoration as a cost. Well, we\u2019re inviting them to think of how to turn peat restoration into business opportunities.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To that end, WRI Indonesia is in talks with companies to see what they need to turn the task of peat restoration from a costly endeavor into a viable business opportunity, including carbon tax schemes or carbon trading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This kind of approach makes the green development plan a much more investment-oriented model than Indonesia\u2019s previous mid-term development plans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cPrevious development plans usually involved background studies, and then there were laundry lists of programs that needed to be implemented,\u201d Tjokorda said. \u201cBut when it comes to investment, there\u2019s [been] no follow up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cNow, we\u2019re trying one step or two steps further. We list down the programs and how to implement them and how to finance them. In the end, the development plans of both the government and the private sector will be the same, going in the same direction. That\u2019s a new path.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2018\/06\/facing-resource-crisis-indonesia-charts-a-green-development-course\/\">https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2018\/06\/facing-resource-crisis-indonesia-charts-a-green-development-course\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Faced with housing, water and food shortages and massive natural destruction, Indonesia is developing a five-year development plan that will become the country\u2019s first low-carbon development initiative. Under the new&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6541"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6541"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6541\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6542,"href":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6541\/revisions\/6542"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6541"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6541"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/zmv.si\/geoy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6541"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}